Skin discoloration is a common cosmetic problem that occurs with changes in the normal tone and color of the skin. They are mainly caused by disorders in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of the skin, hair and eyes. Although they do not affect health, discolourations affect aesthetics and psychology, making their treatment important for many people.
Main causes of discoloration
- Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays causes overproduction of melanin, creating sunspots and freckles.
- Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy, menopause, or the use of birth control pills can cause melasma, a form of hyperpigmentation.
- Aging: With age, melanin production becomes more erratic, leading to “sun” or “age” spots.
- Inflammation or Injury: Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) occurs after acne, trauma, or cosmetic procedures.
- Heredity: Genetic predisposition can make the skin more vulnerable to discoloration.
- Inadequate Care: Improper use of cosmetics or exposure to pollutants can disrupt the functioning of the skin.
Types of Discolorations
- Hyperpigmentation:
- Melasma: Brown or gray spots that appear mainly on the face. They affect women more often due to hormones.
- Solar Lentigines: They are caused by chronic sun exposure.
- Freckles: Hereditary phenomenon that is enhanced by the sun.
- PIH: Discolorations that appear after trauma or inflammation.
- Hypopigmentation:
- Vitiligo: Autoimmune disorder that causes white spots on the skin.
- Post-Injury Hypopigmentation: Loss of melanin due to trauma or burns.
Treatment Options
The choice of the appropriate treatment depends on the cause, type and extent of the discoloration. Modern dermatological techniques offer safe and effective solutions.
1. Topical Treatments
- Preparations with bleaching agents: They contain substances such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, vitamin C, and azelaic acid, which inhibit melanin production.
- Retinoids: They enhance cell renewal and improve the overall texture and glow of the skin.
- Sun Protection: Daily use of sunscreen with a high SPF (50+) is essential to prevent and protect against further damage.
2. Interventional Therapies
- Laser Treatments:
- Q-Switched Laser: Aims to break down pigments, restoring the natural appearance of the skin.
- Fractional Laser Resurfacing: Indicated for deeper discolorations and skin renewal.
- Chemical Peeling: Acids such as glycolic, salicylic or trichloroacetic are applied to exfoliate the skin and reduce discoloration.
- Microneedling: Stimulates natural collagen production and the skin’s healing process.
- IPL (Intense Pulsed Light): Uses pulsed light to treat discoloration and improve skin uniformity.
3. Non-Invasive Methods
- Mesotherapy: Injectable treatment with vitamins and antioxidants that brighten the skin and enhance its elasticity.
- PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma): Activates skin regeneration naturally.
- LED treatments: They help reduce inflammation and correct uneven skin tone.
Prevention of Discoloration
Prevention is the best way to maintain skin uniformity. Follow these steps:
- Daily Sun Protection: Apply sunscreen before sun exposure and reapply regularly.
- Avoiding Intense Sun Exposure: Use a hat and sunglasses during peak hours.
- Proper Skin Care: Choose products that are friendly to your skin and prevent irritation.
- Healthy Lifestyle: A balanced diet, adequate hydration and good sleep strengthen the skin’s natural defenses.
Conclusion
Skin discolorations can be aesthetically disturbing, but they can be treated with the right treatments and care. With the right approach, you can achieve radiant, healthy, and even skin.
